Cardiovascular Disease, The Major Problem Of New Zealand...

Cardiovascular Disease, the major problem in New Zealand for Years I. Introduction The heart is one of the most fragile organ in our body. Controls the blood circulation and the one responsible to carry oxygen to other parts organ. The heart has the most tiring job in our system. It never sleeps or take naps, it keeps on working to make us feel, alive. According to World Health Organization (2016), Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) are a number of disorders of the blood vessels in the heart. According to American Health Association (2015), the heart attack and stroke occur when there is a disruption or blockage of blood flow in the heart. When the blood flow is blocked, the part of the heart muscle supplied by the arteries dies. The main cause of this disruption is the building-up of fat deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels. The main reason for the fat deposits build-up are the combination of different risk factors, such as tobacco use, excessive consumption of alcohol, overweight or obesity, and unhealthy diet. According to WHO (2016), globally CVDs are the number one cause of death and it usually takes place in low and middle-income countries. According to the Heart Foundation New Zealand (2015), CVD is still the leading cause of the mortality in this country, for a total of 30% deaths annually. Every hour and a half 90 people in New Zealand dies from heart disease. And every one of twenty New Zealanders are diagnosed with a heart disease. Reasons that thereShow MoreRelatedHealth Issues Of The New Zealand Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesIn New Zealand Maori’s are facing many health related issues. This essay is about a health issue relevant to Maori population. Cardiovascular disease as the most common health issue among Maori. The essay explores the details of CVD and its relevant demographics. 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Mali of manila zoo-IR Free Essays

Old who has patiently fed and pampered â€Å"Mali† for 10 years. While an animal rights manage confronts that Manila zoo’s lone elephant is suffering physically and psychologically, her â€Å"best friend† has come out to let out sentiments to the contrary. He’s still the same, never been uncared-for, only those People’s Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) people who are making slanderous statements about the condition of Mali are saying that she is sick, they are all untrue, Noel said. We will write a custom essay sample on Mali of manila zoo-IR or any similar topic only for you Order Now PETA embers brought Richardson, a California-based elephant specialist for 40 years, to see Mali and later released a report on her condition, which he said was based on his visual inspection of the 38-year-old Mali is healthy. On a daily basis from morning and all through-out the day they kept the zoo clean especially Mali’s place and also for the people who visits the zoo. Manila zoo being one of the top attractions in Manila hundreds of people go over every day. Mali is really well-taken cared by his keeper, they serve plenty of foods for her including her cage, huge and always aintained clean. She eats meal twice a day, in the morning the zoo keeper serves her with Loaf bread, 5 kilos of sweet potatoes, 100 pieces of bananas, 5 kilos of carrots, 5 pieces of pineapples and a total of 180 kilos of grasses 5 bundles in the morning and 5 the afternoon. When her favourite food, Grasses are already decayed her keeper will immediately replace it with fresh ones. Zoo keepers like Noel has a daily report containing checklist for animals including their health observations, so doctors will be immediately be informed if animals are okay or sick. Mali’s cuticle ailment was treated with the use of sand, they put up a sand pool inside his cage when Mali started to scrub it all over her body her cuticles started to brake. After every 3 months the keeper replace sand pool with fresh sand delivered with a huge truck. Mali’s way of thinking was adopted from the hundreds people who visits her, her way of thinking is almost like a human being, Noel said. The Red Coca-Cola truck who regularly delivers beverage to stores inside the zoo was banned to pass-by Mali’s ecause cage whenever she sees it she becomes hysterical, running scared around her cage and even experience LBM. She was placed in a red truck when she was still a kid after separating to her parents. Elephant’s memories are sharp. Even after decades of not seeing a person she can still remember it. Noel needs to leave Mali and go to province for family matters, after 2 years of not seeing her zoo keeper, Mali can still remember Noel, not all people are friends with Mali they still need to go hrough a hard training before making Mali at ease with them, Noel said. Asked if needs a companion inside his cage Noel answered † Yes , it could be but they will not be kept in the same cage because it might cause trouble† they need to be at ease and have closure first before putting them in one cage, Just like other animals even if you belong in the same breed it’s the first time they see each other and theyre unacquainted chances are they will beat each other. Mali can survive without a companion, sne was able to live by nerselt tor 38 years now. How to cite Mali of manila zoo-IR, Papers

Inequalities in Maori Health

Question: Discuss about the Inequalities in Maori Health. Answer: Maori health status is directly related to the colonial history of the Aotearoa. The Maori health system was established with the establishment of Aotearoa colonial system. Colonial system was also characterized by health inequities among MÄ ori and non-MÄ ori. The health inequities in Maori are persistence and have implications in the current Maori. Moreover model such as institution and health determinants can be applied to reduce or eliminate factors that are related or increase health inequities in Maori. The following paper explores the implications of colonization on the Maori health and health inequities. Colonial system in the contemporary Aotearoa was established and maintained through dehumanizing of the indigenous Maori people, rebranding indigenous beliefs and knowledge as myths or legend, renaming lands, introduction of new cultures and confiscation of resources and creation of ethnic equalities. Colonial system that has implications to this day is maintained in the beliefs and notion that is deep engraved in the mind of individuals in Maori. It is therefore important to discuss how this colonial system is established and maintained in Maori. Colonial system was first established through dehumanizing and suppression of the indigenous. Colonizers dehumanized indigenous Maori people through the belief on the superiority of the Europeans and their culture (UN, 2007). The colonial masters therefore, subjected the indigenous people to poor health condition and neglected them. These colonial systems lead to genocides of thereby reducing the population of the Maori people. Colonial system was established through mass genocides of those indigenous people that resisted their rule in Maori. The colonial beliefs on their superiority and that of their culture or race pose restriction of freedom and responsibility of indigenous Maori people. Colonial system is also established and maintained through rebranding of indigenous beliefs, knowledge and culture. The beliefs, culture and knowledge of indigenous people of Aotearoa people was renamed myths, superstition and legends (Clark, 2008). Colonial masters therefore replaced the indigenous cultures with their own cultures and beliefs. Colonial people introduced racism and inequalities as new belief systems and knowledge. Rebranding of local culture, knowledge and beliefs, cultivated the notion of society difference mostly between Maori and no-Maori. In addition, the culture change brain washed the indigenous people thereby making them believe that they are inferior to nom-Maori. Colonial system was also established and maintained through introduction of new cultures such as racism that replaced indigenous culture of Aotearoa people. The indigenous culture of Maori people was replaced by the European culture that believed on their superiority as compare to the superiority of local people who was made inferior. Racism lead to inequalities with Maori people made to believe that their culture is inferior and wayward. The indigenous cultures were proposed to be the source of poor health that needs to be replaced by the new European culture as remedy. This further degraded the zeal for ethnic identity among the Maori people making them to lack future prospect. The colonizers deprived Aotearoa indigenous people their land leaving them overcrowded hence poor health. Coming of white settlers to Aotearoa increases the demand of land in Aotearoa. Loss of MÄ ori land resources through confiscation as a result of the 1860s wars when the colonials grabbed the local land. The Native Land Court equally led to the displacement of large numbers of MÄ ori indigenous (Campbell and Hutchings 2011). Maori people lived a poor life and unhygienic conditions after loss of their land to colonial masters. Lack of proper land among the Maori people helped the colonial to maintain their colonial system since the local lacked voice to defend themselves. Colonial systems were also created and maintained through warfare in Aotearoa. Musket warfare was one of the factors that colonizers used to establish their rule in Aotearoa. The musket warfare caused death and therefore reduced the population of indigenous people of Aotearoa. Children and women were causalities of the war and were greatly affected hence lost their freedom to the colonizers. Furthermore, musket warfare led to increased suppression and dehumanization of local Maori people. The living condition of the Maori deteriorated rapidly leading to high health risks. The health risk resulted from confinement of Maori in overcrowded setups as their lands resources are taken by settlers (Michael, 2003). Finally, the colonial system are established and maintained through creation of ethnic inequalities between Maori and nom-Maori people. Colonials made Maori people believe that the problem of Aotearoa is within Maori people themselves. The problem raised by colonials was based on the belief that Maori indeginous had inferior genes, education, intelligence and ability. The inequalities created belief that there is different in ability between Maori and non-Maori. The genetic variations were not on the basis of society diversity but the basis of Maori problems according to the colonials. The colonial therefore used genetic variation as source of creating disparities between Maori and non-Maori people (Harris, 2004). Colonia process produced health inequities in MÄ ori and non-MÄ ori. Colonization of Aotearoa created health inequalities problems such as beliefs in the genetic diversity as source of inequities, institutional and internalized racism; inequities in access to education, income and health literacy. Health inequities among Maori and non-MÄ ori arouse due to cultivation of beliefs that genetic diversity was the source of ethnic inequalities that form basis of racism. Colonial system created a notion that ethnic disparities is as a result of biological variations among different ethnic groups. Furthermore, Maori and non-MÄ ori have therefore different access to health care services. Indigenous people were deprived of the access to basic health systems due to their race and European culture of inferiority of Maori (Minister of Health, 2001). Colonial used mechanism of racism to create health inequities among Maori and non-MÄ ori. The racism mechanism was at three main level; institutional racism, internalized racism and interpersonal racism. Institutional racism focuses on the inequities of health care services between Maori and non-MÄ ori. Maori people access poor health services as compared to the non-MÄ ori who have access to good health care services. Internalized racism used by colonial master cultivated beliefs of the negativities among Maori based on the negative messages painted in them. Finally, interpersonal racism form the basis of discrimination among Maori and non-MÄ ori hence limiting interpersonal relationship among these two groups (Raeburn, 2016). Colonial process breached the rights of Maori access to health determinants such as education, health literacy, income and housing. Firstly, as stated above racisms lead to differentiation in terms of services among Maori and non-MÄ ori people. Colonial system deprived the Maori people right for good education services that is a determinant of health as compared to non-MÄ ori. Secondly, Maori health literacy was limited access to health care education services as opposed to non-MÄ ori. Thirdly, Maori people had limited access to better income hence poor life and could not access good health care services (Krieger 2001). Notion of new history of Maori has greatly influence health inequities. New history involved reshaping of the past, present and future history. In reshaping of history of Maori, Colonization of Maori by Europeans leads to redefinition of landscape, beliefs, knowledge, culture, and dehumanization, introduction of diseases and warfare that caused inequities in Maori. The concept and notion of new history in Maori is the main cause of health inequities and is centered in the redefinition or re-ownership of land of Maori people. The landscape is being discovered by colonizers and then land is renamed there creating new land ownership. Indigenous Maori people have their land taken by colonizers. Most Maori remain confined to overcrowded quarters where there is poor health and living standard. Diseases hence spread rapidly in the Maori overcrowded quarters while non Maori live in the land pieces of land (Clark, 2008). Creation notion of new history redefine beliefs and knowledge of indigenous Maori. The colonizers renamed and relabeled indigenous as superstition and myths. The central beliefs of Maori people are termed superstition than need to be forgotten and this is due to the belief of superiority among the colonizers. New comers believed that the indigenous knowledge was the source of problem for the Maori. The introduction of new knowledge of health and diseases lead to disparities between Maori and non-Maori. Disparities also arouse due to difference in the health services provided with better health provided to non-Maori (New Zealand History Online, 2012). Creation of new history also introduced new disease in the Maori that affected most of children and adult in Aotearoa. New diseases such as measles, mumps and whooping cough that had been affecting Europeans had great impact MÄ ori. It is reported that these diseases were initially affecting children in Europe. On contrary, these diseases affected both adult and children of MÄ ori. Coming of settlers as a result of Treaty of Waitangi, lead to influx of settlers to Maori. Non- MÄ ori people were accessing better health services for cure of these new diseases while MÄ ori people had limited access for health services (Paul, 2012). New history also came in hand with war, for instance the musket war of 1810 and 1840. The Musket warfare greatly caused death of Maori people as compared to non-Maori. It is estimated that Musket warfare atleast reduce the population of Maori by 1%. The mortality rate was equal to 700 people annually (Angela, 2003). The mortality was also due to poor health service available to Maori people. The differences in health services continue widen leading to suffering of indigenous people as compared to non-Maori. One of the threats of new history was dehumanization of the Maori people. The colonial people subjected Maori to health hazard conditions. Colonizers believed in their culture as superior to the culture of indigenous people. They therefore subjected Maori to discrimination mostly in provision of health care services leading to poor health standard among the indigenous people. Dehumanization was also rampart due to confiscation of Maori land by settlers and colonizers. Most indigenous people remained land without necessary shelter and contacted diseases leading to high mortality rate (Harris, 2004). Context of new history brought culture clashes as the colonizers believe that their culture is superior to the indigenous culture. The notion of culture differences was the onset of racism with the Maori culture labeled inferior, superstition and myths while non-Maori culture labeled as superior (Calman, 2004). Racism and culture differences lead to differences in services received by Maori and non-Maori people. Better health care facilities were left for non-Maori while Maori had limited access to health facilities due to their race. Institutional and health determinants model is developed to help reduce health inequities that are associated by colonization. Institutional and health determinant model is a model that combines two health models of institutional and health determinants models. Institutional model is based on analyzing intuitions that has health inequities with the aim of changing them. Members of the institutions that create inequities cited ways to reduce and eliminate health inequities. On the other hand, health determinant model concentrate on socioeconomic determinants of health inequalities (Ministry of Health, 2002). Therefore, application of institutional and health determinants model to reduce or eliminate health inequities are through training, Maori participating and partnership in decision making, Maori for Maori initiative, institutional community involvement, reporting of progress in addressing inequalities and sector relationship with tribes. The model or theory uses case study for training the locals on the importance of reducing inequities. Socioeconomic factors for inequities such as racism in different institutions are analyzed to reduce health inequities. Government participation in reducing health inequities is critical for facilitating training. Trainings are towards identification and elimination of socioeconomic factors that facilitate health inequities in New Zealand. It is the main objective of government to link education and health sector through review of literature from for decision making and policy development. Moreover, the training as strategy used in institutional theory focuses in training indigenous people on locally developed ways to reduce inequities. The second strategy used in the model is involvement of the indeginous people in the decision making. The model work in the strategy of involving the indigenous Maori in decision making towards elimination of socioeconomic factors such unemployment, illicit drug used, low ethnic identity and poor housing. The model involve various institutions around the health care sector to help use the indigenous people in eliminating the lifestyle factors that are indicators of health inequities. This implies that change of life style will help will reduce or eliminate individual health inequalities factor. The discovery of strong ethnic identity among the indigenous people is driving factors for reducing of inequities in the health sector caused by colonization (Ministry of Social Development 2006). The third way that institutional and health determinant model is applied to reduce health inequities is Maori for Maori initiative. Maori for Maori program was started to help solve economic or financial challenge that affect indigenous people and is also health determinant. The determination to reduced and eliminate health inequities is to develop financial system that help financially support the move to reduce health disparities (Becroft, 2005).The strategy works toward fund collection and support to reduce poverty level that is health determinant. Another importance of Maori for Maori initiative is campaign to raise awareness on the benefits of reducing health inequities and importance of behaviour change. The model has also instituted the behavior change as driver to reduce or eliminate health inequalities. The individual behaviour change is important since some behaviors perpetuate poor health among Maori people. Behaviors such as smoking, drug abuse, lack of excise, inadequate education and negative future prospect. These behaviors are poor health indicators that when reduced will help eliminate poor health. The behaviour change takes an individual as compared to other factors that are community factors. As an individual change their behaviors, it increases the personal health care system that eventually help create health equities among indigenous Maori (Valencia, 1997). Another way that institutional and health determinant work is through initiation of personal responsibility. The model encourages the indigenous Maori people to be responsible for creation of employment opportunities, good environmental protection, social support, balance diet and healthy family living. In this strategy, individual are encouraged through media and socioeconomic forums to be responsible in reducing this poor health determinants and create healthy living among families. According to the government, when indigenous Maori will learn to responsible health inequities determinants will be reduced or eliminated in New Zealand (Krieger, 2001). In conclusion, understanding of colonial history and the notion of new history that were created by colonization is vital for improvement of health sector. Colonial system instituted settlers immigration that in turn increases land grabbing in Aotearoa. The health inequities such as socioeconomic and political factors were set in line with racism. The result was poor health and living conditions among Maori as compared to non-Maori. The differences in health services available for Maori and no-Maori are the genesis of health inequities. Reference Angela, B. (2003), Taua Musket Wars, Land Wars, or Tikanga. Warfare in Maori Society in Early Nineteenth Century. New Zealand: Penguin. Becroft, A. J. (2005) MÄ ori Youth Offending: New Zealand Police Management Development Conference Tasman 2005. Retrieved from https://www.rethinking.org.nz/images/newsletter%20PDF/Issue%2075/04%20Judge%20Becroft%20on%20Maori%20youth%20offending.pdf Campbell, H. and Hutchings, G. (2011), The Search of Ancient New Zealand. p223. GNS. Penguin. Auckland Press. Clark, M. (2008), Maori Tales and Legends. East Sussex, United Kingdom: Gadow Press. Calman, R. (2004), Reed Book of MÄ ori Mythology. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Publishing. Haami, B. (2004), PÃ…Â «tea whakaaro. MÄ ori and the written word. Wellington, New Zealand: Huia Publishers. Harris, A. (2004), Forty years of MÄ ori protest. Wellington, New Zealand: Huia Publishers Aotearoa (NZ). Krieger N. (2001), A glossary for social epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health 55: 693 700. Michael, K. (2003), The Penguin History of New Zealand. New Zealand: Penguin Books Ministry of Health (2002), Reducing Inequalities in Health: Diabetes. Ministry of Health: New Zealand, https://www.moh.govt.nz. Minister of Health (2001), Implementing the New Zealand Health Strategy: The Minister of Health first report on progress on the New Zealand Health Strategy. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Ministry of Social Development (2006), The Social Report 2006: indicators of social wellbeing in New Zealand. Wellington: Ministry of Social Development. New Zealand History Online (2012), History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 December. Retrieved 25 September 2013. Paul, M. (2012), A Savage Country: The Untold Story of New Zealand in the 1820s. New Zealand: Penguin. Raeburn, L. (2016) 'Te hauora MÄ ori i mua -history of MÄ ori health and Changing health, 1945 onwards', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, https://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/te-hauora-maori-i-mua-history-of-maori-health/page-5 (accessed 14 September 2016) UN (2007), United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Geneva: United Nations. URL: https://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/indigenous/declaration.htm. Accessed 25 September 2007 Valencia, R. (1997), The Evolution of Deficit Thinking: educational thought and practice. London, England : Falmer Press.